We analyzed 1.4 billion career records to measure a flatter, more senior and more liquid global market.
02025 hiring pace, indexed to 2019
0technical share of global hiring, up from 19%
0growth in AI & ML share of tech hiring since 2019
01 The great reset
From boom and bust to a permanently resized company
Headlines show layoffs, a hiring freeze, a market on ice. The data shows hiring did not freeze, it reset. Global hiring peaked in 2022, then fell for three straight years to 82 in 2025, below its pre-pandemic level. This is the new floor. The data changes how you should build, hire and invest.
Key insights
Global hiring fell to 82 in 2025, a three-year resize below pre-pandemic levels.
Technical hiring fully recovered, running at 113 against 2019 baseline for Engineering.
Entry and junior share of tech hires dropped from 59% to 47% since 2019.
AI and ML titles grew five-fold since 2019, from 0.9% to 4.5% of new roles.
Design and Creative is the most liquid function at 71.7% flight risk.
China is the global liquidity outlier at 88.6% flight risk, twenty points clear of peers.
Global new-hire pace, all functions, indexed to 2019 = 100. New roles started per calendar year.
02 AI and the mix
The AI code apocalypse did not come for engineers
AI did not reduce engineering demand. Technical hiring recovered fully by 2024, with Engineering (other) running at 113 against its 2019 baseline and Software, Data & Technical at 102, while Management sat at 93 and Sales at 92. Within a smaller pie, technical roles now command their largest share on record. Engineering is still growing.
Hiring by function, 2024 versus 2019, indexed to 2019 = 100. Emerald marks functions above baseline.
Engineering alone is well above its 2019 hiring baseline at 112.8. Set headcount plans by function.
18.6%Technical share, 2019 baseline
20.3%Technical share, 2024, last settled year
21.2%Technical share, 2025, highest in the series
03 The senior core
The engineering core is getting senior, and the ladder is narrowing
Entry into engineering has narrowed. The entry and junior share of technical hires fell from 59% in 2019 to 47% in 2025, while the mid and senior IC share climbed from 33% to 43%. Hiring now favors reviewers over junior coders.
Entry and junior share dropped from 59% in 2019 to 47% in 2025.
Mid and senior IC share climbed from 33% to 43% over the same period.
Senior IC hiring is up roughly 40% on 2019, while entry-level hiring is down almost 40% from its 2022 peak.
The shift removes the training ground junior hires used to occupy.
Share of technical hires by seniority band, 2019 to 2025. Entry & junior, mid & senior IC, lead/director/exec.
A 12-point swing toward mid and senior IC in six years has displaced the traditional junior-to-senior pipeline. Adjust hiring and career paths.
04 Inside engineering
The role map is being redrawn around AI
The 2021 org chart is obsolete. The AI and ML share of new technical roles has grown five-fold since 2019, from 0.9% to 4.5%, with the steepest climb in the last two years. Front-end specialist titles moved the opposite way, peaking near 2.1% in 2021 and declining every year since to 1.5%. The shift shows the narrow front-end craft role is being absorbed into broader builder roles, not eliminated.
Share of new technical roles matching each pattern, 2019 to 2025. AI & ML titles versus front-end specialist titles.
AI and ML titles overtook front-end specialist titles in 2022, and the gap is widening. Update 2021 role maps.
05 Talent liquidity
Design is the most liquid function in the market
Engineering is not the most exposed function. TechTree scores every current role for flight risk, the modeled likelihood the person moves soon, and Design and Creative tops the map at 71.7% High or Very High, more than ten points above every other function. Business & Ops sits at 61.1%, Management at 59.5%, Software, Data & Technical at 59.3%, and Engineering and Sales tie at 57.8%.
Flight risk by function: share of current roles scored High or Very High.
06 Talent liquidity by seniority
Staff engineers are the stickiest talent in the market
Do not spread retention budget evenly. Inside technical roles, flight risk falls sharply as seniority climbs. Junior engineers are highly in play; staff-level engineers are the hardest to move. Follow the risk curve.
Level 1 juniors sit at 67% High or Very High flight risk, peaking at 70% at level 2.
Risk then declines through the middle levels to a low near 45% at level 6.
It ticks back up again at the executive level.
Retention budget should follow this curve, not spread evenly across it.
Flight risk by seniority, technical roles. Percent scored High or Very High, level 1 (junior) to 7 (exec).
07 The talent map
The world has two poles of technical talent, not one
A US-only sourcing strategy misses a nearly equal pool. Indexed with the US at 100, India comes in at 94.9, nearly the same size and in a class of its own. Treat it as a second core market.
India indexes at 94.9 against a US baseline of 100, nearly the same size.
Below the two poles sits a long tail: Brazil near 20, the UK at 19.
France sits at 13, with Canada and Germany near 12.
That second pool carries its own liquidity and its own competitive pressure.
Talent size versus liquidity by country. Size indexed to US = 100 (log scale); vertical axis is percent at High or Very High flight risk.
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08 The liquidity outlier
China sits alone at the top of the liquidity scale
China needs a different retention plan from Germany. China's technical workforce scores 88.6% High or Very High flight risk, more than twenty points above almost every other market. Most hubs cluster in a tight band: Mexico at 54.6%, India at 56.9%, the US at 63.6%, Poland at 68.5%. China is a mid-tier hub by scale, comparable to Germany or the Netherlands, but by liquidity it is in a category by itself.
09 Concentration
Technical share hit a record, even as total hiring fell
Two figures shape next year's budget. Technical roles now make up 21.2% of all global hiring, the highest point in TechTree's series. Meanwhile, total hiring pace fell to 82 in 2025. The pie shrank. Technical's slice of it did not.
Technical share climbed from 18.6% in 2019 to 20.3% in 2024 to 21.2% in 2025.
Total hiring pace, all functions, fell to 82 in 2025.
The pie is smaller and the technical slice is bigger.
Management and Sales hire below their pre-pandemic pace while technical hiring has fully recovered.
Technical share of all global hiring, 2019 to 2025. Computer & Mathematical occupation family.
Technical hiring reached 21.2% in 2025, up from 18.6% in 2019, despite a smaller market. Plan other functions against a smaller budget.
10 What to do with this
Job postings tell you who is hiring. Flight risk tells you who is about to move.
This report also measures supply. Flight risk scores the people already in seats, across a graph of 1.4 billion career records and roughly 1 billion individuals worldwide. Turn that map from a company's point of view and it is a retention heatmap. Turn it from a recruiter's point of view and it is a sourcing map. The same data supports retention and sourcing.
11 Strategic recommendations
What to do before your next planning cycle
The labour market is smaller, more senior and more mobile. The implications differ by audience.
Strategic planning assumptions
Through 2028, global hiring pace will stay below its 2022 peak of 119, and the 2022 to 2025 resize will read as a structural change, not a cyclical dip.High confidence
Through 2028, entry and junior roles will remain below half of technical hiring, continuing the slide from 59% in 2019 to 47% in 2025.High confidence
By the end of 2027, AI and ML titles will exceed 6% of new technical roles, extending the five-fold climb from 0.9% in 2019 to 4.5% in 2025.Moderate confidence
For founders
Plan headcount around the 82 in 2025 baseline, not the 2022 peak of 119. The resize is structural, not cyclical, so budget like it is permanent.
Protect the mid and senior IC band first. It carries 43% of technical hires in 2025 and is where output per head now sits.
Reframe junior roles around directing AI output rather than writing code from scratch, since entry share has fallen to 47%.
For investors
Benchmark portfolio companies on seniority mix, not headcount growth. A shift toward mid and senior IC signals real reorganization rather than belt-tightening.
Track AI and ML title share as a leading indicator. Growth from 0.9% to 4.5% since 2019 shows which teams are actually rebuilding around AI.
Flag portfolio companies operating in China, where 88.6% flight risk means retention plans need revisiting before a raise, not after.
For recruiters and talent leaders
Source against the liquidity curve. Design and Creative tops flight risk at 71.7%, well above every other function.
Spend retention budget on staff-level engineers, the stickiest cohort in the data, and expect junior levels 1 and 2 to move regardless of spend.
Treat India as a first-class talent pool, not an overflow market. It indexes at 94.9 against a US baseline of 100.
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12 Method & confidence
Transparent, tiered, and honest about the modeled layer.
The method is auditable. This report draws on TechTree's proprietary workforce knowledge graph, roughly 1.4 billion career records and 1.0 billion individuals globally, with company, funding, education and geography linkages. Population is global, all countries. Hiring is measured as new roles started per calendar year. Tier 1 covers hard employment history, role dates, seniority, geography, tenure, company and funding links, used for all headline findings. Tier 2 covers modeled fields, the flight-risk model, salary model and function classification from titles, used for the liquidity signal and role mix and framed as modeled throughout. Tier 3, sparse self-reported data, is excluded. The 2025 year is complete but subject to reporting lag, so recent figures may firm up over time; relative shares and trends hold up despite this lag. Data as of 8 July 2026, drawn from the TechTree workforce knowledge graph.